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2012-09-08, 20:47
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#1 |
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攀言癌症患者
註冊日期: 1999-11
住址: Madison
文章: 689
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龍洞 "De"-bolt 的方法
”Rebolt" -- 大夥能一起努力把龍洞的老舊 bolt 換新,這是件好事。但是如何 rebolt?如何讓大夥的熱情、花費的心力更持久、更有意義?
簡單的打掉舊 bolt 突出岩壁的部份(耳片),留在岩壁裡面的 bolt 就不管了,任其腐朽,然後在旁邊再鑽一個新洞,放上一個新的 bolt? 這樣的 rebolt,一條路線原來需要鑽10個洞,rebolt 以後變成20個洞,再10年後如果又要 rebolt,變成30個洞?如果毫無節制,這樣下去,龍洞能承受多久?當您我這一代在享受 rebolt 結果 -- 安全的攀登 -- 同時卻裝作沒看到 rebolt 後那些留在那裡默默無言的舊洞的時候,我們留給下一代的是什麼? 有沒有比較好的方法?即使這些方法可能需要多一點的心力? 以下兩篇短文(等待有心人翻譯),第一篇敘述用一些比較不同的器具可將 Petzl P38 (現在龍洞老舊 bolt 的型號)“拉” 出、或將原來的洞 “擴孔” 將 Petzl P38 取出,這樣就可以用原來的洞放置新的 bolt,不需再鑽新洞 -- “De"bolt!第二篇則討論為什麼海邊的 bolt 特別容易鏽蝕,並介紹比較適用的 bolt。 這些資料、作法、意見不見得適用龍洞,但總是一些不同的作法,總是可以讓我們思考一些新的、不同的開始,儘供參考。 ------------------------------------------------------------------- (以下短文敘述如何將 Petzl P38 拔出、擴孔,摘錄自:http://www.rockclimbing.com/cgi-bin/...i?post=2309733) We've been there! In the softer limestone in the Frankenjura they (P38) come loose anyway and you can rip them quite easily, for this reason they are not recommended and are being replaced. In the hard limestone you can still usually pull them as the holes were probably not as perfectly drilled as they should have been and water has eroded the rock away as well but you need a fairly strong puller for this. Drilling the pin out is a hopeless task, a friend has done this and it took 3 cobalt steel drill bits and 2 batteries on a Hilti. We replaced some last year in granite by first trying to pull them with a “hydraulic puller”(見圖左一), about 50% came out this way. The ones that broke (the hanger) we chopped with an “angle grinder”(簡圖左二) and then cored them out with a “diamond core drill”(見圖左三、左四), about 4 minutes and 6 to a battery. The hole left is nearly 14mm but has to be deepened and we either use a 12mm or 16mm glue-in depending on what we feel like, there is no advantage either way. As far as I know the (P38's) body is a machining grade of 316 and the pin something else a bit harder which I've forgotten! They are cheap (being remaindered) at the moment probably because they are unpopular and they don´t conform to the newer version of the UIAA Safety Label. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (以下短文討論海邊 bolt 易鏽蝕原因以及建議使用的 bolt,摘錄自:http://www.safeclimbing.org/education/deepbluesea.htm) The Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: New Warnings about Sea Cliff Bolts By John Byrnes, Skip Harper and Mike Shelton With the growth of sea-side climbing around the world there has been an ever increasing number of bolt failures. The marine environment is tough on metals. The constant exposure to salt water promotes a specific powerful corrosion mechanism that is not seen at inland climbing areas. High quality stainless steel bolts and hangers have failed in as little as 18 months when placed near the sea. Most of the time there is no visible indication they are unsafe. They may look fine but not hold body weight, much less a fall. Affected cliffs don't even need to be right over the water. Breaking waves create a fine mist which can be transported inland for miles by the wind. The stainless steels used today in almost all climbing bolts are susceptible to a failure mechanism called Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking or SCC. Just like it sounds, the chlorine ion, which results from dissolving salt in water, and stress must both be present. A typical multi-piece expansion bolt has the shaft in tension, and the hanger has complex stresses placed on it when it is clamped against the rock as you tighten the nut. This type of bolt placed in a sea cliff is a bomb with a short fuse. Once started, SCC spreads like a disease following the stress lines in the steel, much like grass grows in small cracks in concrete and forces the pieces apart. The cracks get larger over time, and soon the microscopic grains of the metal are no longer in contact. Although SCC can occur on any part of a bolt exposed to salt water, it usually occurs under the hanger where salt water wicks into the crevice between the hanger and the rock surface. Bolts corroded by SCC typically break flush with the surface of the rock. Hangers typically break at the ninety-degree bend, and nuts can crack just about anywhere. At least one bolt vendor sells stainless steel "clad" bolts and nuts. These have a thin outer cladding of stainless steels urrounding a core of mild steel. This type of bolt seems to be worse then others, since once SCC cracks the cladding,oxidation (rust) finishes the job in short order. If you see a stainless bolt with a rust "beard" on the rock under it, beware! THE TORTUGA (Turtle) We wanted a bolt that could be trusted for over 30 years in this environment. But what material to use? We still couldn't ignore the more common corrosion mechanisms such as oxidation, galvanic and chemical corrosion. • Oxidation (rust) is accelerated by water, salt and warm temperatures. • Galvanic corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact in the presence of an electrolyte. Salt water is an excellent electrolyte. Multi-piece bolts always have some potential for galvanic corrosion since it's almost impossible for the shaft, sleeves, nut and hanger to be perfectly matched. • Chemical corrosion could take place if there is some unusual compound present in the rock that could attack the bolt. It's common for limestone to have a wide variety of compounds embedded in it. So when we considered these other corrosion mechanisms in addition to SCC we realized that we needed a one-piece glue-in design made of something besides steel. There were several possible materials we could use, but we needed a marriage of material, costs and supplier. Titanium was our first choice and after being turned away by several climbing equipment manufacturers we hooked up with Ushba Mountaineering. After our first meeting at the local pub, and several beers, we were sure this marriage was going to last. We went through a meticulous design process before boiling it all down to the simplest solution. The new Ushba "Tortuga" bolts (Spanish for turtle) are simple "P" shaped welded cold-shuts made out of titanium. They are large enough to be used for both intermediate bolts and lowering anchors. They meet all existing UIAA standards for strength and willset new standards for anti-corrosion properties. (The UIAA has formed a special sub-committee to investigate marine bolt standards.) We also had to think about the glue since the glue provides an important part of the overall solution. The glue isolates the bolt from any possible metals or chemical corrosives embedded in the rock and prevents water from wicking into small crevices next to the metal. It also has to withstand the marine environment in its own right! Here we gleefully took Sam Lightner's advice gained from years of gluing bolts in Thailand. The Hilti HIT C-100 appears to be your best bet. So if you're putting up a sport route near the ocean, use the right stuff and put up a safe route that people will enjoy for years to come. If we do it right, climbing in Paradise is within our reach. 此文章於 2012-09-18 20:41 被 大濟 編輯. |
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2012-09-13, 00:25
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#4 |
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攀言癌症患者
註冊日期: 2003-11
文章: 305
Images: 15
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see how to tap threads
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RbDF9...eature=related
這個影片有幾個方法,教人如何取中心點(孔),然後取出斷在機器裡的螺栓,雖然不完全一樣,但技術上是很好的示範。 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46bIm...eature=related thread 第二個影片是關於如何修復螺牙,在影片四分鐘附近,教人如何攻螺牙 how to tap threads, 我覺得可以應用在拔出petzl 38上,在取出中心的挿銷之後(或以第一影片的方式清除),可採攻牙的方式,在p38內徑攻出螺牙,再在其外套上口徑較大的套筒板手的套筒或鐵管,接著以適合內徑螺牙的螺栓(剛好的長度)穿入套筒鎖在p38內牙,且在套筒和螺栓之間放厚鐵片或墊片(washer,可藉此調整螺栓長度),如此將螺栓鎖緊,應該比較容易能藉由螺紋的省力,拔出p38。
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Defeat is not defeat unless accepted as a reality in your own mind. Bruce Lee CHEN,CHIH-YUNG |
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2012-09-13, 09:52
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#5 |
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攀言癌症患者
註冊日期: 2003-11
文章: 305
Images: 15
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我沒能參與龍洞的rebolt,再此盡一點點心力,希望有幫助。我試著翻譯這段,但我不是學機械的,翻得不好請其他朋友再補充。
(以下短文敘述如何將 Petzl P38 拔出、擴孔,摘錄自:http://www.rockclimbing.com/cgi-bin/...i?post=2309733) We've been there! In the softer limestone in the Frankenjura they (P38) come loose anyway and you can rip them quite easily, for this reason they ... 我們去過!在Frankenjura石灰岩比較軟的地方,它們很容易鬆掉,而且你蠻容易可以將它拆下來,因此,不建議再使用,不久要更換掉了。 在硬的石灰岩那邊,你一樣可以拉得動,因為那些洞(bolt)似乎沒有鑽得很理想,同時也是由於水沖刷侵蝕掉部分的岩石,但還是得用相當有力的「拔取器」(看起來和機械用的軸承拔取器類似)。 要鑽除那個中心挿銷(pin)似乎是件沒什麼指望的苦差事(我也覺得似乎材質很硬,一定很難),有位朋友試過,但耗損了三支鈷鑽頭,用掉喜得釘電鑽的兩個電池電力。 我們去年在花崗岩上更換過一些(耳片),試過用左圖一的拔取器,大約有50%由此方式取出,有一些耳片斷的,我們用砂輪機(如左圖二)切除,然後以鑽石鑽管(在網路搜尋可找到這名詞)挖除殘留的螺絲,約四分鐘可鑽一個,一個電池可鑽除六支。 鑽除後形成的洞接近14mm,但得再鑽更深才能用,不管我們喜歡用14mm或16mm化學管(不過現在有些不再以管式或塑膠袋管包裝了,Krabi應該就不是),兩者沒有優劣差別。 目前據我所知,P38的主體是136級的不銹鋼合金等級,中心挿銷又更加的硬,什麼等級我忘了!現在P38很便宜,被削價出售,可能是不流行,而且不符合新版的UIAA安全標章。
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Defeat is not defeat unless accepted as a reality in your own mind. Bruce Lee CHEN,CHIH-YUNG 此文章於 2012-09-13 23:33 被 A-YUNG 編輯. 原因: 補充…更正,根據:http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=863#_Machining Composition ranges for 316 grade of stainless steels. |
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2012-09-13, 17:34
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#7 |
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攀言癌症患者
註冊日期: 2003-11
文章: 305
Images: 15
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前面文章中提到的「要鑽除那個挿銷似乎是件沒什麼指望的苦差事(我也覺得似乎材質很硬,一定很難),有位朋友試過,但耗損了三支鈷鑽頭,用掉喜得釘電鑽的兩個電池電力。」
我這裡有兩段影片,包含兩項技術,以前就有想過,但還不知可行與否,由於這p38的挿銷和本體硬度都很高,可能是經過沖壓的鍛造和熱處理,去強化其剛性,因此,這兩項技術主要是「逆向」熱處理,嘗試先讓其「退剛」,讓清除的工作變得比較可行。第一個影片是以三個車用鉛電池串聯成一個簡單的電銲設備,(鉛電池能夠在短時間內,釋放極大的電流量,因此,足以應付電銲所需電流,但在接點的要求就比較高,必須盡可能有最大面積的接點接觸,最好是採「接線端子」之類的接頭連接,否則,線太長或接點不良造成「電阻」過高會發熱,鉛的熔點只有三百多度,極易熔化)。藉由在欲加工的金屬上加熱(電銲中心溫度可達三千度以上,強光亮度可達陽光的百倍,所以要小心使用護目鏡及留意高溫),再讓其在空氣中自然冷卻(加水或油則會冷卻過快而變硬),就能達到退剛的目的,可先在較低的位置先嘗試,或拆下之後,在家先實驗! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bTuc_...eature=related WELDING 另一項技術是藉電銲熔接的方式,去聯接凸出狀況極差的螺絲或挿銷、鐵芯,或直接與螺帽銲接聯結之後,易於夾除或藉板手轉鬆,或以利撬除。 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6w2grAV-oc 影片二並非是一般的電銲,可能是所謂的co2,不過都是利用電弧加熱,只是絕緣體是二氧化碳,而非一般特殊火藥產生的絕緣氣體,而且銲條是由外加入,沒有火藥爆烈噴發,比較容易銲得很美觀,但一般功率都較小。
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Defeat is not defeat unless accepted as a reality in your own mind. Bruce Lee CHEN,CHIH-YUNG 此文章於 2012-09-13 18:30 被 A-YUNG 編輯. 原因: 補充… |
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2012-09-14, 11:13
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#8 |
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攀言癌症患者
註冊日期: 2003-11
文章: 305
Images: 15
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上面文中所提到的p38是grade 136,如果作者沒有記錯,應該就是章醫師所提到的不銹鋼級別304,306,316,其中的316。我以前只常聽過machine的動詞,多半是指車床加工,如果該作者沒有弄錯,316早已在龍洞歷煉多年了!
我去搜尋了grade 136,找到一些相關資料,其中136主要又分136L和136H,也就是標準的之外,又分低含碳的和高含碳的。不過136和136H含碳量一樣,機械性能強度似乎也是相當(在以下連結可以看到相關資料)。 另外,以下主要提到,136無法藉熱處理去強化硬度。銲接電阻較高,比同級要求更高功率的設備。第三段提到經過"Ugima"處理後(UGITECH公司出產的),機械性能更高。但我們如果是加熱到136熔化的溫度,而破壞其材料結構,也許還是可行的。 http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?Art...863#_Machining Heat Treatment Solution Treatment (Annealing) - Heat to 1010-1120°C and cool rapidly. These grades cannot be hardened by thermal treatment. Welding Excellent weldability by all standard fusion methods, both with and without filler metals. AS 1554.6 pre-qualifies welding of 316 with Grade 316 and 316L with Grade 316L rods or electrodes (or their high silicon equivalents). Heavy welded sections in Grade 316 require post-weld annealing for maximum corrosion resistance. This is not required for 316L. Grade 316Ti may also be used as an alternative to 316 for heavy section welding. Machining A “Ugima” improved machinability version of grade 316 is available in round and hollow bar products. This machines significantly better than standard 316 or 316L, giving higher machining rates and lower tool wear in many operations.
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Defeat is not defeat unless accepted as a reality in your own mind. Bruce Lee CHEN,CHIH-YUNG 此文章於 2012-09-14 21:41 被 A-YUNG 編輯. 原因: 補充 |
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2012-09-15, 15:22
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#10 |
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攀言癌症患者
註冊日期: 2003-11
文章: 305
Images: 15
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說到翻譯,我那是班門弄斧了,可能是我的時間還允許,或不怕丟臉,但拋磚引玉最後能有好結果就好!
據我所知,不銹鋼能夠讓鐵不生銹,主要是因為鐵和鎳的合金,各種編號的鎳合金的比例也不同,(以前看過資料,有的工業材料是接近30%的鎳),防銹能力也有差,但就像我們最常見的十元硬幣(就是鎳幣,可能接近純鎳),遇到酸還是會發黑,久了光澤也會改變。另外,我知道鎳和鉑(也就是白金)是同位素,也就是它們原子的最外層電子數量一樣,都屬安定蠻高的金屬,因此,除了,貴金屬之外,一般我們應該很難找到比鎳金屬或航太科技的鈦合金,更適合的金屬材料。 既然,金屬防銹抗鹽洗有它的限度,我們或許可以朝非金屬(絕緣體)思考,幾個月前看過幾個有關「粉體烤漆」的影片,現在想起這項技術,也許我們比較容易做得到,尤其在保護經過加工後的弱點,應該至少可以達到一定的效果。 我剛再找到幾個影片,給大家參考。 http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature...&v=f9BAJvQXYLk 第一段影片是最基本的粉體塗料,運用在釣魚用的「沉子」,僅以蠟燭加熱,冷卻後就完成塗裝,工具、程序簡單,也適合小配件的施作。(先看一下,有個概念) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7xc7BNbBnc 第二段影片,採熱風槍加熱,當然加熱範圍比較廣,也比較均勻,我覺得比較適合像glue-in bolt這樣大小的鐵配件。以前我在影印工廠有幾年時間在維修IC電路板,常用熱風槍同時加熱幾十隻腳的IC、CPU,熔化銲鍚以便更換,它很容易可以將零件加熱達到攝氏三百多度,價格比好一點的吹風機可能貴不了多少! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T01zI...eature=related 第三段影片,則是比較完整、專業一點的DIY程序,主要教人選用什麼樣的塗料、清潔劑,還有噴砂除銹程序、固定配件、預熱、清潔、塗裝、以烤箱加熱等,有相當詳細的講解。
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Defeat is not defeat unless accepted as a reality in your own mind. Bruce Lee CHEN,CHIH-YUNG 此文章於 2012-09-15 15:42 被 A-YUNG 編輯. |
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